Population of Cape Verde

The current estimated 2026 population of Cape Verde is approximately 530,000 people, according to recent demographic projections. The nation holds a global population rank of 171st and has an estimated density of 131.5 people per km² (340.6 per sq mi). This island archipelago is highly urbanized, with approximately 76.8 percent of residents living in cities, and it currently maintains a modest annual growth rate of 0.49 percent.

Cape Verde was uninhabited until Portuguese explorers discovered the islands in 1460. It soon became a central hub for the transatlantic slave trade, which shaped its unique Creole culture and mixed African and European demographic heritage. Throughout the following centuries, the islands served as a vital maritime station for transatlantic shipping and trade, though the population frequently struggled with the archipelago's limited natural resources and volcanic geography. During the 20th century, Cape Verde faced extreme demographic challenges due to a series of severe droughts and famines, most notably in the 1940s. These events resulted in significant loss of life and prompted large-scale emigration, creating a massive diaspora that today exceeds the number of residents living on the islands. Since achieving independence in 1975, the country has stabilized its population growth through improved healthcare and economic development, transitioning from a colonial trade outpost to a modern middle-income nation.

Growth trends in Cape Verde have slowed considerably compared to its regional neighbors in Western Africa. The current annual growth rate of 0.49 percent reflects a maturing demographic profile, driven by a fertility rate that has fallen to 1.51 births per woman. This fertility level is significantly below the global replacement average, indicating a shift toward smaller family structures and increased participation of women in the workforce and education. Life expectancy in the country is relatively high for the region, currently estimated at 76.2 years. This longevity, combined with lower birth rates, suggests that the population will begin to age over the coming decades. While the total population continues to rise slightly, the trend is heavily influenced by domestic migration from rural islands to the capital and the ongoing impact of international emigration.

The estimated 2026 population density is 131.5 people per km² (340.6 per sq mi), which is relatively high for an African nation and reflects the limited habitable land across the volcanic islands.

Approximately 76.8 percent of the population lives in urban areas, a high figure that points to significant migration toward the capital city of Praia and the port city of Mindelo.

Cape Verde occupies a unique position in the Western Africa subregion, where it ranks 16th of 16 countries, making it the smallest nation by population in the area. Regionally, it ranks 52nd of 54 countries in Africa. Despite its small size, its population density of 131.5 people per km² (340.6 per sq mi) ranks 13th in Africa, as the population is concentrated across a limited land area of 4,033 km² (1,557 sq mi). This concentration is further highlighted by its high urbanization, which ranks 70th globally.