Population of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked nation and currently ranks 10th globally, with an estimated 2026 population of approximately 139 million. This figure reflects a robust annual growth rate of 2.58%, positioning the country as the second-most populous nation in Africa. While the population is expanding rapidly, the vast majority of residents live in rural areas, as recent data indicates that less than 24% of the population is urbanized.

Ethiopia's demographic history is defined by its ancient roots and resilience through periods of significant environmental and political upheaval. In the late 20th century, the country faced severe challenges, including the devastating 1983-1985 famine and internal conflict, which impacted mortality rates and migration patterns. Despite these hardships, the underlying population trend remained positive due to high fertility rates and a large rural base.

The population continues to expand at a rate of 2.58% annually, driven by a fertility rate of 3.9 births per woman. While this represents a notable decline from the 1990s when fertility rates were above 7, the momentum remains strong due to a youthful population structure. Recent estimates show that the country adds more than 9,000 people to its total every day. If these trends persist, Ethiopia is projected to see its population nearly double by the middle of the century, placing significant pressure on infrastructure and agricultural resources.

The current population density is 123.1 people per km² (319 per sq mi), with the highest concentrations found in the temperate highlands where agriculture is most productive.

With an urban population of 23.6%, Ethiopia is one of the most rural societies in the world, though urbanization is accelerating as more people migrate to the capital, Addis Ababa.

In the regional landscape, Ethiopia ranks 2nd of 54 countries in Africa, trailing only Nigeria in total population. Within its own subregion, it holds the position of 1 of 16 in Eastern Africa, making it the primary demographic leader in the Horn of Africa. Globally, its rank of 10 of 215 countries places it ahead of many developed nations, though it remains significantly less urbanized than its global peers, ranking 205th of 215 in urban population percentage.